Merker G.P., Schwarz Ch., Teichmann R. (eds.) Combustion Engines Development: Mixture Formation, Combustion, Emissions and Simulation

Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. — 659 p. — ISBN:3642029516, 978-3-642-02951-6.Combustion Engines Development nowadays is based on simulation, not only of the transient reaction of vehicles or of the complete driveshaft, but also of the highly unsteady processes in the carburation process and the combustion chamber of an engine. Different physical and chemical approaches are described to show the potentials and limits of the models used for simulation
Comprehensible presentation of the simulation of combustion engine processes
Offers practical rules, recommendations and guidelines in the development of engines and vehicles it is nowadays standard practice to use commercially available computing programmes for simulation, not only of the transient reaction of vehicles or of the complete driveshaft, but also of the highly unsteady processes in the combustion chamber of an engine. Normally the source code is not available for these computing programmes and it takes too much time to study the respective specifications, so the users often do not have sufficient knowledge about the physical and chemical contents of the approaches that the programmes are based on. We have often been faced with this fact in talks to employees or in discussions during the presentation of results of simulation. Therefore it is our aim to point out different physical and chemical approaches and to show the possibilities and limits of the models usedFoundations of Thermodynamics and ChemistryModel-Building
SimulationReciprocating Engines
Energy Conversion
Geometry of the Crankshaft Drive
Thermodynamics of the Internal Combustion Engine
Foundations
Closed Cycles
Open Comparative Processes
Parameters and Characteristic Values
Engine Maps
Spark Ignition Engines
Diesel EnginesCombustion Diagnostics
Basics of Pressure MeasurementsThe Piezoelectric Measurement Chain
Assembly Variants
Selection of the Measurement Location
Adjusting the Pressure Level: Zero Level
Correction (Pegging)
Methods That Measure Absolute Pressure
Angle and Trigger Marking
TDC Assignment
Pressure Indication in the Inlet and Outlet System
Data Capture
Pressure Trace Analysis and Loss Distribution
Determination of the Heat Release Rate
Loss Distribution
Case Study: Comparison of Various Combustion
Processes
Optical Diagnostic TechniquesOptical Methods: An Overview
Application Examples of Optical Methods
Diesel Engines
SI Engines Optical Diagnostics
Laser Based Measurement Techniques
Optical Combustion Diagnostics: Status and ForecastEngine Combustion
Fuels
Gasoline and SI Engine Fuels
Diesel Fuels
Alternative Fuels
Diesel Engines
Injection Methods and Systems
Mixture Formation
Autoignition and the Combustion Sequence
Spark Ignition Engines
Differences Between Premixed Flame and Diffusion Combustion
Ignition
Flame Front Propagation After Ignition, the Effect of Turbulence
Information About Combustion Speed from the Heat Release Rate
Irregular Combustion
Combustion Process, Mixture Formation, Modes of OperationReaction Kinetics
Foundations
Chemical Equilibrium
Reaction Rate
Partial Equilibrium and Quasi-Steady-State
Reaction Kinetics of Hydrocarbons
Oxidation of Hydrocarbons
Ignition Processes
Reaction Kinetics in Engine SimulationPollutant Formation
Exhaust Gas Composition
Carbon Monoxide
Unburned Hydrocarbons
Sources of HC Emissions
Non-limited Pollutant Components
Particle Emission in the Diesel EnginePolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Soot Formation
Particle Emission Modeling
Nitrogen Oxides
Thermal NO
Prompt NO
NO Formed via N2O
Fuel Nitrogen
Reactions Forming NOSimulation of the Overall Process
Calculation of the Real Working Process
Single-Zone Cylinder Model
Fundamentals
Mechanical Work
Determination of the Mass Flow Through the Valves/Valve Lift Curves
Heat Transfer in the Cylinder
Heat Transfer in the Exhaust Manifold
Wall Temperature Models
The Heat Release Rate
Knocking Combustion
Internal Energy
The Two-Zone Cylinder Model
Modeling the High Pressure Range According to Hohlbaum
Modeling the High Pressure Phase According to Heider
Results of NOx Calculation with Two-Zone Models
Modeling the Gas Exchange for a Two-Stroke Engine
Modeling the Gas Path
Modeling Peripheral Components
Model Building
Integration Methods
Gas Dynamics
Basic Equations of One-Dimensional Gas Dynamics
Numerical Solution Methods
Boundary Conditions
Fuel System Simulation
Modeling the Basic Components
Application ExampleCharging of Internal Combustion Engines
Charging Methods
Pressure-Wave Charging
Mechanical Supercharging
Turbocharging
Simulation of Charging
Turbo Compressor
The Positive Displacement Charger
The Flow Turbine
Turbochargers
Charge Air CoolingExhaust Aftertreatment
Modeling and Simulation
Catalytic Converters
Basis Equations
Types of Catalytic Converters
Diesel Particulate Filter
Basic Equations
Soot Loading and Pressure Loss
Regeneration and Temperature Distribution
DosingUnits
System SimulationSimulation of Combustion and Charging
Total System Analysis
General Introduction
Thermal Engine Behavior
Basics
Coolant System
The Oil System
Engine Friction
Friction Method for the Warm Engine
Friction Method for the Warm-up
Stationary Simulation Results (Parameter Variations)
Load Variation in the Throttled SI Engine
Influence of Ignition and Combustion Duration
Variation of the Compression Ratio, Load, and Peak Pressure in Large Diesel Engine
Investigations of Fully Variable Valve Trains
Variation of the Intake Pipe Length and the Valve Durations (SI Engine, Full Load)
Exhaust Gas Recirculation in the Turbocharged Passenger Car Diesel Engine
Transient Simulation Results
Acceleration of a Commercial Vehicle from 0 to 80 km/h
Turbocharger Intervention Possibilities
Load in the ECE Test Cycle
The Warm-up Phase in the ECE Test Cycle
Full Load Acceleration in the Turbocharged SI EnginePhenomenological Combustion ModelsDiesel Engine Combustion
Zero-Dimensional Heat Release Function
Stationary Gas Jet
Packet Models
Time Scale Models
SI Engine Combustion
Laminar and Turbulent Flame Front Speed
Heat Release
Ignition
Knocking