Torge W., Müller J., Pail R. Geodesy

5th Ed. — Walter de Gruyter, 2023. — 520 p. — ISBN 978-3-11-072329-8.The fifth edition of this textbook has been completely revised and significantly extended in order to reflect the revolution of geodetic technologies, methods and applications during the last decade. The Global Geodetic Observing System established by the IAG utilizes a variety of techniques to determine the geometric shape of the earth and its kinematics, the variations of earth rotation, and the earth’s gravity field. The societal importance of geodetic products was highlighted by the UN resolution on the Global Geodetic Reference Frame. In this context, both space and terrestrial techniques play a fundamental role. Recent space missions are monitoring climate-relevant processes such as mass transport in the Earth system and sea level changes. The analysis of the time variation of the geodetic products provides the link to neighboring geosciences and contributes to proper modelling of geodynamic processes. New satellite mission concepts and novel technologies such as quantum gravimetry and optical clocks show great potential to further improve the geodetic observing system in the future. The book especially addresses graduate students in the fields of geodesy, geophysics, surveying engineering, geomatics, and space navigation. It should also serve as a reference for geoscientists and engineers facing geodetic problems in their professional work. The book follows the principal directions of geodesy, providing the theoretical background as well as the principles of measurement and evaluation methods, which is enriched with numerous figures. An extensive reference list supports further studies.Preface to the Fifth Edition.
Introduction.
Definition of geodesy.
The objective of geodesy.
Historical development of geodesy.
The spherical Earth model.
The ellipsoidal Earth model.
The geoid, arc measurements, and national geodetic surveys.
Three-dimensional geodesy.
Four-dimensional geodesy.
Organization of geodesy, international collaboration.
Reference Systems and Reference Frames.
Basic units and constants.
Time systems.
Atomic time, dynamical time systems.
Sidereal and Universal Time.
Reference coordinate systems: fundamentals.
Celestial Reference System.
Precession, nutation.
Terrestrial reference system.
Polar motion, Earth rotation.
International reference systems and reference frames.
International Celestial Reference System and Frame.
International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame.
Transformation between terrestrial and celestial reference systems, Earth orientation parameters.
International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service.
Local level systems.
Geodetic datum.
The Gravity Field of the Earth.
Fundamentals of gravity field theory.
Gravitation, gravitational potential.
Gravitation of a spherically symmetric Earth.
Properties of the gravitational potential.
Centrifugal acceleration, centrifugal potential.
Gravity acceleration, gravity potential.
Geometry of the gravity field.
Level surfaces and plumb lines.
Local gravity field representation.
Natural coordinates.
Spherical harmonic expansion of the gravitational potential.
Expansion of the reciprocal distance.
Expansion of the gravitational potential.
Geometrical interpretation of the surface spherical harmonics.
Physical interpretation of the spherical harmonic coefficients.
Degree variances.
The geoid.
Definition of the geoid.
Mean sea level and mean dynamic topography.
Heights.
Geopotential number.
Dynamic heights.
Orthometric heights.
Normal heights.
Normal-orthometric heights.
Alternatives for height determination.
Trigonometric heights.
Heights from GNSS.
Height determination by high-precision clocks.
Global unification of height systems.
Temporal gravity variations.
Gravitational constant, Earth rotation.
Tidal acceleration, tidal potential.
Earth tides and tidal loading.
Non-tidal temporal gravity variations.
The Geodetic Earth Model.
The rotational ellipsoid.
Parameters and coordinate systems.
Curvature.
Spatial geodetic coordinates.
The normal gravity field.
The level ellipsoid, level spheroids.
The normal gravity field of the level ellipsoid.
Geometry of the normal gravity field.
Geodetic reference systems, optimum Earth model.
Measurement Methods.
Atmospheric refraction.
Fundamentals.
Tropospheric refraction.
Ionospheric refraction.
Satellite observations.
Observation equations for satellite and terrestrial measurements.
Undisturbed satellite motion.
Perturbed satellite motion.
Artificial Earth satellites.
Direction, range, and range-rate (Doppler, DORIS) measurements.
Global navigation satellite systems (GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and others).
Laser distance measurements.
Satellite altimetry.
Satellite gravity missions.
Geodetic astronomy.
Optical observation instruments.
Astronomic positioning and azimuth determination.
Reductions.
Very Long Baseline Interferometry.
Gravimetry.
Absolute gravity measurements.
Quantum gravimetry.
Relative gravity measurements.
Gravity reference systems and gravity standard.
Gravity measurements on moving platforms.
Gravity gradiometry.
Continuous gravity measurements.
Terrestrial geodetic measurements.
Horizontal and vertical angle measurements.
Distance measurements, total stations.
Inertial surveying, underwater acoustic positioning.
Leveling.
Tilt and strain measurements.
Laser gyroscopes.
Methods of Gravity Field Determination.
Residual gravity field.
Disturbing potential, height anomaly, geoid height.
Gravity disturbance, gravity anomaly, deflection of the vertical.
The geodetic boundary-value problem.
Spherical harmonic expansion of derived quantities.
Statistical description of the gravity field, interpolation.
Fundamentals of gravity field modeling.
Gravitation of topography, digital elevation models.
Gravity reductions to the geoid.
Orientation and scale of gravity field models.
Local and regional gravity field modeling.
Astrogeodetic geoid and quasigeoid determination.
Gravimetric geoid heights and deflections of the vertical: integral formulas.
Gravimetric height anomalies and surface deflections of the vertical.
Least-squares collocation.
Alternative regional gravity modeling methods.
Global gravity field modeling.
Global gravity field modeling methods.
“Satellite-only” gravity field models.
Combined (high-resolution) gravity field models.
Topographic gravity field models.
Geodetic and Gravimetric Networks.
Horizontal control networks.
Vertical control networks.
Three-dimensional networks.
Gravity networks.
Structure and Dynamics of the Earth.
The geophysical Earth model.
The upper layers of the Earth.
Structure of the Earth’s crust and upper mantle.
Isostasy.
Plate tectonics.
Interpretation of the gravity field.
Geodesy and recent geodynamics.
Geophysical processes and effects on geodetic products.
Changes in Earth rotation.
Sea-level variations.
Crustal deformation.
Temporal gravity field variations caused by geodynamic processes.
Geodesy: Challenges and Future Perspectives.
Challenges and goals.
Scientific challenges and future perspectives.
Technological development of observing systems.
Methodology, analysis, and modeling.
Data products and applications.
Conclusions and outlook.
References.
Index.