Smith Tom. Pyrotechnics in Stadia Health and Safety issues relating to the use of pyrotechnics in football stadia

CarnDu Ltd UK, 2016. — 71 p.Безопасность при использовании пиротехники: смотри также раздел Fireworks Annual Report (/files/science/chidnustry/pyro/pyrotechnics/fireworks/fireworks_annual_report/)This study was undertaken in accordance with the terms of reference prepared by UEFA in partnership with Football Supporters Europe (FSE). A key aim of the study was to provide an informed summary of the potential short and long term health and safety risks associated with the use of pyrotechnic devices in football stadia. The report assesses the health risks posed by each type of device in a crowded environment such as a football stadium. It also highlights that whilst pyrotechnic devices used in stadia may be described as “fireworks”, they are all explosive devices sharing some common features which impact on the potential harm they may pose, not least in terms of mishandling or malfunction.Terms of reference

Background
Explosives, pyrotechnics and fireworks
European standards and directives on pyrotechnic articles
Historical information
“Legal” and “illegal” pyrotechnics
Pyrotechnics types and effects
General issues
Types of pyrotechnics and fireworks used in Stadia
Hand held flare
Distress flares
Smoke devices
Strobes
Bangers
Fountains
Sparklers
Rockets
Roman Candles
Single shot devices
“Cakes”
Mines
Whistles
The effects of confinement on pyrotechnic risks
Health and safety issues arising from the use of pyrotechnics in stadia
The “normal” functioning of pyrotechnics
Potential for malfunctions
Potential and extent of harm
Raw materials
Combustion chemistry
Heavy metals
Perchlorates
Toxic and health effects of functioning pyrotechnics injuries
Other issues and future work
Low impact pyrotechnics
Alternative devices
Dealing with pyrotechnic devices
Professional use of pyrotechnics
Modification of pyrotechnic articles
Outside the stadium
Conclusions
Categorisation of pyrotechnic articles – summary
Most common devices
Less common devices – including those which may be used in future
Types of pyrotechnic articles
Hand held flares
Distress flares
Smoke devices
Strobes
Bangers (Reports)
Fountains
Sparklers
Rockets
Roman Candles
Single shot devices
“Cakes”
Mines
Whistle
Component parts of pyrotechnic articles