Yawale S., Yawale S. Operational Amplifier: Theory and Experiments

New York: Springer, 2021. — 256 p.This book covers several aspects of the operational amplifier and includes theoretical explanations with simplified expressions and derivations. The book is designed to serve as a textbook for courses offered to undergraduate and postgraduate students enrolled in electronics and communication engineering. The topics included are DC amplifier, AC/DC analysis of DC amplifier, relevant derivations, a block diagram of the operational amplifier, positive and negative feedbacks, amplitude modulator, current to voltage and voltage to current converters, DAC and ADC, integrator, differentiator, active filters, comparators, sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal waveform generators, phase lock loop (PLL), etc. This book contains two parts―sections A and B. Section A includes theory, methodology, circuit design and derivations. Section B explains the design and study of experiments for laboratory practice. Laboratory experiments enable students to perform a practical activity that demonstrates applications of the operational amplifier. A simplified description of the circuits, working principle and practical approach towards understanding the concept is a unique feature of this book. Simple methods and easy steps of the derivation and lucid presentation are some other traits of this book for readers that do not have any background information about electronics. This book is student-centric towards the basics of the operational amplifier and its applications. The detailed coverage and pedagogical tools make this an ideal textbook for students and researchers enrolled in senior undergraduate and beginning postgraduate electronics and communication engineering courses.PrologueAbout the Authors
Differential AmplifierClassification of Differential Amplifier
DC Analysis
AC Analysis
Constant Current Source or Current Bias
DC Level Shifter
Output Stage
Block Diagram of Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)
The Single-Stage Architecture Op-Amp
Electrical Characteristics of an Ideal Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)
Equivalent Circuit of an Ideal Op-Amp
Feedback in AmplifiersNegative Feedback
Positive Feedback
Negative Feedback in Operational Amplifier
Non-inverting Amplifier (Voltage Series Feedback Amplifier)
Closed Loop Voltage Gain
Input Impedance
Output Impedance
Frequency Response
Total Output Offset Voltage (VOT)
Voltage Follower or Unity Gain Buffer
Voltage Gain (Af)
Input Impedance (Zif)
Output Impedance (Zof)
Bandwidth or Frequency Response (ff)
Total Output Offset Voltage (VOT)
Inverting Amplifier (Voltage Shunt Feedback Amplifier)
Closed Loop Voltage Gain
Virtual Ground
Input Impedance (Zif)
Output Impedance (Zof)
Frequency Response
Total Output Offset Voltage (VOT)
Sign Changer or Inverter
Parameters of Operational Amplifier and Instrumentation AmplifierParameters of Op-Amp
Input Bias Current
Input Offset Current
Input Offset Voltage
Open Loop Gain
Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)
Differential Input Resistance (Ri)
Input Capacitance (Ci)
Offset Voltage Adjustment
Supply Voltage Rejection Ratio (SVRR)
Output Resistance R
Slew Rate (SR)
Frequency Response
Open-Loop Voltage Gain as a Function of Frequency
Instrumentation System
Analog Instrumentation System
Digital Instrumentation System
Biomedical Instrumentation System
DC and AC Amplifiers
DC Amplifier
AC Amplifier
AC Amplifier with a Signal Supply Voltage
Bridge Amplifier with Single Op-Amp
Instrumentation Amplifier
Linear CircuitsCurrent-to-Voltage Converter
Voltage-to-Current Converter
Floating Load Voltage-to-Current Converter
Grounded Load Voltage-to-Current Converter
Voltage and Current Measurements
DC Voltage Measurement
DC Current Measurement
Summing, Scaling and Averaging Amplifier
Subtraction Circuit
Integrator Circuit
Differentiator Circuit
Analog Computation
Solution to the Simultaneous Equations
Differential Equations
Digital-to-Analog (D/A) and Analog-to-Digital (A/D) ConvertersDigital-to-Analog (D/A) Converter
(a) Binary Weighted Resistors Type
(B) Binary Ladder or R-R Type Converter
Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Converters
(a) Counter-Type A/D Converter
(b) Tracking or Servo Type
(c) Successive Approximation A/D Converter
Applications
Nonlinear CircuitsPrecision Rectifiers
Half Wave Precision Rectifier
Full Wave Precision Rectifier
Peak Detector
Logarithmic Amplifier
Antilog or Exponential Amplifier
Logarithmic Multiplier
Amplitude Modulator (AM)
Sample and Hold Circuit
Waveform Generators and ComparatorsFrequency Stability
Classification of Oscillators
The Sinusoidal Oscillators
(a) Phase Shift Oscillator
(b) Wien Bridge Oscillator
(C) LC Tunable Oscillator (Colpitts Oscillator)
(d) Hartley Oscillator
Non-sinusoidal Oscillators
(a) Astable Multivibrator
(b) Monostable Multivibrator
Comparators
Schmitt Trigger
Waveform Generators
Active Filter Circuits and Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)Classification of Active Filters
First-Order Low Pass Butterworth Filter
Second-Order Low Pass Butterworth Filter
Fist-Order High Pass Butterworth Filter
Second-Order High Pass Butterworth Filter
Band Pass Filter
Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)
The Voltage Control Oscillator (VCO)
Phase Detector
Low Pass Filter
Applications of PLL
Frequency Multiplier
Frequency Translation
Frequency-Dependent Negative Resistance and GyratorTheory of Gyrator
Working of Gyrator
Advantages of Gyrator
Disadvantages of Gyrator
Simulation of Air-Core Inductors
Frequency-Dependent Negative Resistance (FDNR) or D-element
Noise in Operational AmplifierTypes of Noise
Classification of Noise
External or Interference Noise
Internal or Inherent Noise
Schottky Noise
Flicker Noise or (1/f) Noise
Popcorn or Burst Noise
Avalanche Noise
Noise Contribution in Operational Amplifier
Noise Model of Resistor
Noise Generated by the Capacitor
Operational Amplifier Noise Model
Noise Analysis in Inverting Mode
Noise Analysis in Non-Inverting Mode Op-Amp
Noise Figure
Appendix I: Experiments
Appendix II: Pin Configuration of ICs
Appendix IIISubject Index