Kalsi H.S. Electronic instrumentation

New Delhi: McGraw-Hill Education, 2015. — 857 p.Qualities of MeasurementsPerformance Characteristics
Static Characteristics
Error in Measurement
Types of Static Error
Sources of Error
Dynamic Characteristics
Statistical Analysis
Standard
Electrical Standards
Atomic Frequency and Time Standards
Graphical Representation of Measurements as a Distribution
Review Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
Practice Problems
Further Reading
Indicators and Display DevicesBasic Meter Movement
Taut Band Instrument
Electrodynamometer
Moving Iron Types Instrument
Concentric Vane Repulsion Type (Moving Iron Type) Instrument
Digital Display System and Indicators
Classifi cation of Displays
Display Devices
Light Emitting Diodes (LED)
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
Other Displays
Printers
Classifi cation of Printers
Printer Character Set
Character at a Time Impact Printers for Fully Formed Characters (Drum Wheel)
Line at a Time Impact Printers for Fully Formed Characters (Line Printers)
Drum Printer
Dot-Matrix Printers
Character at a Time Dot-Matrix Impact Printer
Non-Impact Dot-Matrix (NIDM) Printers
Review Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
Further Reading
Ammeters
DC Ammeter
Multirange Ammeters
The Aryton Shunt or Universal Shunt
Requirements of a Shunt
Extending of Ammeter Ranges
RF Ammeter (Thermocouple)
Limitations of Thermocouples
Effect of Frequency on Calibration
Measurements of Very Large Currents by Thermocouples
Review Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
Practice Problems
Further Reading
Voltmeters and MultimetersBasic Meter as a DC Voltmeter
DC Voltmeter
Multirange Voltmeter
Extending Voltmeter Ranges
Loading
Transistor Voltmeter (TVM)
Chopper Type DC Amplifi er Voltmeter (Microvoltmeter)
Solid State Voltmeter
Differential Voltmeter
DC Standard/Difference Voltmeter
AC Voltmeter Using Rectifi ers
AC Voltmeter Using Half Wave Rectifi er
AC Voltmeter Using Full Wave Rectifi er
Multirange AC Voltmeter
Average Responding Voltmeter
Peak Responding Voltmeter
True RMS Voltmeter
True RMS Meter
Considerations in Choosing an Analog Voltmeter
Ohmmeter (Series Type Ohmmeter)
Shunt Type Ohmmeter
Calibration of DC Instrument
Calibration of Ohmmeter
Multimeter
Multimeter Operating Instructions
Review Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
Practice Problems
Further Reading
Digital VoltmetersRAMP Technique
Dual Slope Integrating Type DVM (Voltage to Time Conversion)
Integrating Type DVM (Voltage to Frequency Conversion)
Most Commonly Used Principles of ADC (Analog to Digital Conversion)
Successive Approximations
Continuous Balance DVM or Servo Balancing Potentiometer Type DVM
½-Digit
Resolution and Sensitivity of Digital Meters
General Specifi cations of a DVM
Microprocessor-Based Ramp Type DVM
Review Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
Practice Problems
Further Reading
Digital InstrumentsDigital Multimeters
Digital Frequency Meter
Digital Measurement of Time
Universal Counter
Decade Counter
Electronic Counter
Digital Measurement of Frequency (Mains)
Digital Tachometer
Digital pH Meter
Automation in Digital Instruments
Digital Phase Meter
Digital Capacitance Meter
Microprocessor-Based Instruments
The IEEE Bus
Review Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
Further Reading
OscilloscopeBasic Principle
CRT Features
Block Diagram of Oscilloscope
Simple CRO
Vertical Amplifi er
Horizontal Defl ecting System
Triggered Sweep CRO
Trigger Pulse Circuit
Delay Line in Triggered Sweep
Sync Selector for Continuous Sweep CRO
Typical CRT Connections
High Frequency CRT or Travelling Wave Type CRT
Dual Beam CRO
Dual Trace Oscilloscope
Electronic Switch
(VHF) Sampling Oscilloscope
Storage Oscilloscope (For VLF Signal)
Digital Readout Oscilloscope
Measurement of Frequency by Lissajous Method
Spot Wheel Method
Gear Wheel Method
Checking of Diodes
Basic Measurement of Capacitance and Inductance
Oscilloscope as a Bridge Null Detector
Use of Lissajous Figures for Phase Measurement
Standard Specifi cations of a Single Beam CRO
Probes for CRO
Attenuators
Applications of Oscilloscope
Delayed Sweep
Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO)
Fibre Optic CRT Recording Oscilloscope
Oscilloscope Operating Precautions
Placing an Oscilloscope in Operation
Review Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
Practice Problems
Further Reading
Signal GeneratorsFixed Frequency AF Oscillator
Variable AF Oscillator
Basic Standard Signal Generator (Sine Wave)
Standard Signal Generator
Modern Laboratory Signal Generator
AF Sine and Square Wave Generator
Function Generator
Square and Pulse Generator (Laboratory Type)
Random Noise Generator
Sweep Generator
TV Sweep Generator
Marker Generator
Sweep-Marker Generator
Wobbluscope
Video Pattern Generator
Colour Bar Generator
Vectroscope
Beat Frequency Oscillator (BFO)
Standard Specifi cations of a Signal Generator
Review Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
Further Reading
Wave Analyzers and Harmonic DistortionBasic Wave Analyzer
Frequency Selective Wave Analyzer
Heterodyne Wave Analyzer
Harmonic Distortion Analyzer
Spectrum Analyzer
Digital Fourier Analyzer
Practical FFT Spectrum Analysis Using a Waveform Processing Software (Ss-)
Review Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
Further Reading
Measuring InstrumentsOutput Power Meters
Field Strength Meter
Stroboscope
Phase Meter
Vector Impedance Meter (Direct Reading)
Q Meter
LCR Bridge
RX Meters
Automatic Bridges
Transistor Tester
Megger
Analog pH Meter
Telemetry
Review Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
Practice Problems
Further Reading
BridgesWheatstone’s Bridge (Measurement of Resistance)
Kelvin’s Bridge
Practical Kelvin’s Double Bridge
Bridge Controlled Circuits
Digital Readout Bridges
Microprocessor Controlled Bridges
AC Bridges
Capacitance Comparison Bridge
Inductance Comparison Bridge
Maxwell’s Bridge
Hay’s Bridge
Schering’s Bridge
Wien’s Bridge
Wagner’s Earth (Ground) Connection
Resonance Bridge
Maxwell–Wien Bridge
Anderson Bridge
The Owen Bridge
De Sauty Bridge
Carey Foster / Heydweiller Bridge
Types of Detectors
Precautions to be Taken when Using a Bridge
Review Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
Practice Problems
Further Reading
RecordersStrip Chart Recorder
Galvanometer Type Recorder
Null Type Recorder (Potentiometric Recorders)
Circular Chart Recorder
X–Y Recorder
Magnetic Recorders
Frequency Modulation (FM) Recording
Digital Data Recording
Objectives and Requirements of Recording Data
Recorder Selections for Particular Applications
Recorder Specifi cations
Potentiometric Recorder (Multipoint)
Digital Memory Waveform Recorder (DWR)
Applications of a Strip Chart Recorder
Review Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
Practice Problems
Further Reading
TransducersElectrical Transducer
Selecting a Transducer
Resistive Transducer
Resistive Position Transducer
Strain Gauges
Resistance Thermometer
Thermistor
Inductive Transducer
Differential Output Transducers
Linear Variable Differential Transducer (LVDT)
Pressure Inductive Transducer
Capacitive Transducer (Pressure)
Load Cell (Pressure Cell)
Piezo Electrical Transducer
Photo Electric Transducer
Photo-Voltaic Cell
Semiconductor Photo Diode
The Photo-Transistor
Temperature Transducers
Frequency Generating Transducer
Reluctance Pulse Pick-Ups
Flow Measurement (Mechanical Transducers)
Mechanical Flow Meter
Magnetic Flow Meters
Turbine Flowmeter
Measurements of Thickness Using Beta Gauge
Review Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
Further Reading
Signal ConditioningOperational Amplifi er (OPAMP)
Basic Instrumentation Amplifi er
Applications of Instrumentation Amplifi ers (Specifi c Bridge)
Chopped and Modulated DC Amplifi er
Modulators
Review Questions
Further Reading
FiltersFundamental Theorem of Filters
Passive Filters
Active Filters
Butterworth Filter
Band Pass Filter
Band Reject (Stop) Filter
All Pass Filter
Universal Active Filters
Designing Procedures for FLT-U
Types of Active Filters
Digital Filters
Discrete Functions
The 1-D Sampling Theorem
The 2-D Sampling Theorem
The 1-D Z-Transform
Fundamental Properties of 1-D Digital Systems
Fundamental Property of 1-D Digital Systems
Frequency Domain Representation
FIR 1-D Digital Filter Design (The Window Method)
Design Methods for IIR Digital Filters
1-D IIR Filter Design
Program for the Design of Butterworth and Chebyschev IIR Digital Filters by Means of the Bilinear Transformation
Microprocessor Based Digital Filter
Applications of Digital Filters
Review Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
Practice Problems
Further Reading
Measurement Set-upMeasurements of Microwave Frequencies
Resonant Co-Axial Lines
Cavity Wavemeters
RF/UHF Field Strength Meter (Methods for Measuring the Strength of Radio Waves)
Measurement of Sensitivity
Measurement of Selectivity
Intermodulation Method of Measuring Non-Linear Distortion
Measuring Frequency Response in Audio Amplifi ers
Modulation
Measuring Frequency Modulation
Measuring Frequency Deviation with a Radio Receiver
Measuring Amplitude Modulation Using CRO
Review Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
Further Reading
Data Acquisition System (DAS)Objective of a DAS
Signal Conditioning of the Inputs
Single Channel Data Acquisition System
Multi-Channel DAS
Computer Based DAS
Digital to Analog (D/A) and Analog to Digital (A/D) Converters
Data Loggers
Sensors Based Computer Data Systems
Electromechanical A/D Converter
Digital Transducer
Review Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
Practice Problems
Further Reading
Data TransmissionData Transmission Systems
Advantages and Disadvantages of Digital Transmission Over Analog
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
Pulse Modulation
Digital Modulation
Pulse Code Format
Modems
Review Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
Further Reading
Frequency StandardsPrimary Standards
Secondary Standards of Frequency
Practical Frequency Standards
Radio Signals as Frequency Standards
Precision Frequency Standards
The Atomic Clock
Review Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
Further Reading
Measurement of PowerRequirements of a Dummy Load
Bolometer
Bolometer Method of Power Measurement
Bolometer Element
Bolometer Mount
Measurement of Power by Means of a Bolometer Bridge
Unbalanced Bolometer Bridge
Self Balancing Bolometer Bridge
Measurement of Large Amount of RF Power (Calorimetric Method)
Measurement of Power on a Transmission Line
Standing Wave Ratio Measurements
Measurement of Standing Wave Ratio Using Directional Couplers
Review Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
Practice Problems
Further Reading
Control Systems
Basic Control Action
Definition (Terminology)
On–Off Control Action
Proportional Control Action
Offset
Basic Controller Confi guration
Classifi cation of Controllers
Electronic Controllers (EC)
Analog Electronic Process Controllers
Temperature Control using an Analog Electronic Controller
Choice of Electronic Transmission Signal
Digital Controllers
Digital Process Controller
Cascade Process Controller with Digital Controllers
Programmable Logic Controller
Distributed Control Systems
Review Questions
Further Reading
Answers to Objective Type Questions