Papen G.C., Blahut R.E. Lightwave Communications

Cambridge University Press, 2019. — 970 p. — ISBN10 1108427561, 13-978-1108427562.This pioneering, course-tested text is the first to combine communications theory with the physics of optical communications. Comprehensive and rigorous, it brings together an in-depth treatment of the physical characteristics of the guided lightwave channel with the study of modern methods of algorithmic-based communication in time and space. The many different levels at which a lightwave communication signal can be described are integrated to provide a unified explanation of how a commonplace bit stream is transformed into a physical lightwave, how that lightwave travels through an optical fiber, and how it is then transformed back into the bit stream. Background fundamentals such as linear systems and electromagnetics are explained in relation to modern topics such as channel models, encoding, modulation and interference, and end-of-chapter problems are provided throughout. This is an essential text for students taking courses on optical communications, as well as researchers and professionals working in the area.Preface page
Acknowledgements
Notation
Primary Symbols
List of Symbols
Introduction
Digital Lightwave Communication Systems
Channel Coding
Modulation
Types of Lightwave Channels
Demodulation
Detection and Decoding
Error Probabilities
Lightwave Signal Models
Relationship of Wave Optics to Photon Optics
Choosing a Signal Model
Modulation and Demodulation
Phase-Synchronous Systems
Phase-Asynchronous Systems
Codes and Coded-Modulation
Multiplexing
Communication Channels
Common Wave-Optics Communication Channels
Channel Capacity
Historical Notes
Problems
Background
Linear Systems
Bandwidth and Timewidth
Passband and Complex-Baseband Signals
Signal Space
Random Signals
Probability Distribution Functions
Random Processes
Electromagnetics
Material Properties
The Wave Equation
Geometrical Optics
Polarization
Random Lightwave Fields
References
Problems
The Guided Lightwave Channel
Characteristics of an Optical Fiber
Fiber Structure
Optical Fiber Attenuation
Guided Signal Propagation
Guided Rays
Guided Waves
Guided Photon Streams
Waveguide Geometries
Modes in a Slab Waveguide
Modes in a Step-Index Fiber
Modes in a Graded-Index Fiber
Mode Coupling
Derivation of the Coupled Equations
Solution of the Coupled Equations
References
Historical Notes
Problems
The Linear Lightwave Channel
Ray Dispersion
Wave Dispersion
Dispersion in a Slab Waveguide
Dispersion for a Linearly Polarized Mode
Narrowband-Signal Dispersion
Narrowband Dispersion
Material Dispersion
Narrowband Signal Propagation
Group Delay
Mode-Groups in a Step-Index Fiber
Mode-Groups in a Graded-Index Fiber
Step-Index Multimode Fiber
Wavelength-Dependent Group Delay
Linear Distortion
Distortion from Mode-Dependent Group Delay
Distortion from Wavelength-Dependent Group Delay
Dispersion-Controlled Optical Fiber
Independent Sources of Distortion
Polarization-Mode Dispersion
Jones Representation
Stokes Representation
Distortion from Polarization-Dependent Group Delay
Distortion from Polarization-Dependent Loss
References
Historical Notes
Problems
The Nonlinear Lightwave Channel
Anharmonic Material Response
Wave-Optics Description
Photon-Optics Description
Kinds of Nonlinearities
The Kerr Nonlinearity
Raman Scattering
Brillouin Scattering
Signal Propagation in a Nonlinear Fiber
Phase Matching
Intensity-Dependent Index Change
Nonlinear Propagation Constant
Characteristic Lengths
Classification of Nonlinear Channels
Single-Carrier Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation
Nonlinear Narrowband Signal Propagation
Nonlinear Distortion for a Single Pulse
Interference in a Nonlinear Fiber
Cross-Phase Modulation
Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation for Multiple Subcarriers
Nonlinear Interference
Computational Methods
References
Historical Notes
Problems
Random Signals
The Physics of Randomness and Noise
Randomness and Entropy
Photon–Matter Interactions
Expected Energy
Probability Distribution Functions
Thermal Noise
Spontaneous Emission Noise
Photon Noise
The Poisson Transform
The Direct Poisson Transform
The Inverse Poisson Transform
Forms of Uncertainty
The Gordon Distribution
Power Density Spectra
Power Density Spectrum of the Lightwave Noise Power
Power Density Spectrum of the Photodetected Signal with Additive Noise
Power Density Spectrum of the Photodetected Signal with Shot Noise
Direct Photodetection with Gaussian Noise
Continuous Probability Density Functions
Discrete Probability Mass Functions
Balanced Photodetection with Gaussian Noise
Orthogonal Expansion
Special Cases
Direct Photodetection
Spatially Correlated Modes
Bandlimited Shot Noise
Approximate Analysis
General Analysis
References
Historical Notes
Problems
Lightwave Components
Passive Lightwave Components
Lightwave Couplers
Delay-Line Interferometers
Multipath Interference
Optical Filters
Semiconductors
Lightwave Receivers
Photodetectors
Lightwave Demodulators
Lightwave Amplifiers
Doped-Fiber Lightwave Amplifiers
Gain in a Doped-Fiber Amplifier
Semiconductor Lightwave Amplifiers
Wavelength Dependence of the Gain
Noise from Multiple Amplifiers
Lightwave Transmitters
Light-Emitting Diodes
Laser Diodes
External Modulators
Noise in Lightwave Receivers
Dark-Current Noise
Internal-Gain Noise
Noise in Lightwave Amplifiers
Power Density Spectrum
Probability Distribution Functions
Noise Figure
Nonlinear Phase Noise
Noise in Laser Transmitters
Power Density Spectra
Probability Density Functions
References
Historical Notes
Problems
The Electrical Channel
The Lightwave Channel
Linear Single-Input Single-Output Lightwave Channels
Multiplex Channels
Multi-input Multi-output Channels
Channel Statistics in Time and Space
Lightwave Demodulation
Demodulation of the Lightwave Complex Amplitude
Demodulation of the Lightwave Intensity
Demodulation of Pulse Intensity in Multiple Modes
Demodulation of Pulse Intensity in a Single Mode
Cumulative Electrical Power Density Spectrum
Discrete-Time Electrical Channels
Interpolation and Sampling
Conventional Discrete-Time ChannelsHistorical References
Problems
The Information Channel
Prior and Posterior Distributions
Methods of Modulation
Signal Constellations
Nyquist Pulses
Detection
Partial-Response Signaling
Sampler Response
Methods of Reception
Detection Filters
Linear Detection Filters
Detection Filters for Additive White Noise
Detection Filters for Signal-Dependent Noise
Detection Filters for General Noise
Detection of a Binary Signal
Detection of a Binary Wave-Optics Signal
Detection of a Binary Photon-Optics Signal
Binary Detection for a Dispersive Channel
Displacement Detection of a Binary Signal
Detection of a Multilevel Signal
Detection of a Multilevel Wave-Optics Signal
Detection of a Multilevel Photon-Optics Signal
Noise Models for Intensity Detection
Additive Electrical-Noise Model
Signal-Dependent Shot-Noise Model
Signal–Noise Mixing Model
References
Historical Notes
Problems
Modulation and Demodulation
Modulation Formats
Complex Signal Constellations
Complex-Baseband Modulation
Binary Modulation Formats
Multisymbol Modulation Formats
Efficiency of Modulation Formats
Phase-Synchronous Demodulation
Demodulation of Binary Formats
Demodulation of Multilevel Real-Valued Formats
Detection of Multilevel Complex-Valued Formats
Demodulation with Phase Noise
Demodulation with Shot Noise
Dual-Polarization Signaling
Constellations in Four-Dimensional Signal Space
Dual-Polarization Modulation and Demodulation
Constellations in Signal Space
General Signal Constellations
Constellations on the Complex Plane
Orthogonal Constellations
Nonorthogonal Constellations
Noncoherent Demodulation
Detection of Noncoherent Orthogonal Signals
Detection of Differential-Phase-Shift-Keyed Signals
Detection of Noncoherent On–Off-Keyed Intensity Signals
Energy Demodulation
Sample Statistic
References
Historical Notes
Problems
Interference
Intersymbol Interference
Equalization
Zero-Forcing Equalization
Matched Filter Equalization
Minimum-Error Linear Equalizer
Detection Filters for Additive White Noise
Decision Feedback
Prefiltering and Precoding
Sequence Detection
Trellis Diagrams
Minimum-Distance Sequence Detection
Maximum-Likelihood Sequence Detection
Maximum-Posterior Sequence Detection
Interchannel Interference
Uncompensated Linear Interchannel Interference
Uncompensated Nonlinear Interchannel Interference
Linear Equalization of Polarization Interference
Linear Equalization of Interchannel Interference
Equalization of Intensity Modulation
Intensity Interference
Intensity Equalization with Shot Noise
Interference in Nonlinear Channels
Sequence Detection for a Nonlinear Channel
Equalization of a Nonlinear Channel
References
Historical Notes
Problems
Channel Estimation
Channel Parameters
Carrier-Phase Estimation
Maximum-Likelihood Phase Estimation
Phase-Locked Loops
Phase Estimation of a Data-Modulated Waveform
Generalized Likelihood Function
Clock-Phase Estimation
Frame Synchronization
Channel-State Estimation
Impulse Response Estimation
Detection-Filter Estimation
Constant-Modulus Objective Function
Adaptive Estimation
Polarization-State Estimation
Estimation of Spatial Modes
Channel Matrix Estimation for Multiple Spatial Modes
Modal Detection-Filter Estimation
References
Historical Notes
Problems
Channel Codes
Code Structure and Code Rate
Decoding
Classes of Codes
Nesting of Codes
Algebraic Block Codes
Galois Fields
Linear Codes
Matrix Description of Linear Codes
Binary Block Codes
Nonbinary Block Codes
Spherical Decoding
Performance Analysis
Descriptions of Linear Codes as Graphs
Limits of Spherical Decoding
Convolutional Codes
Convolutional Encoders
Decoding on a Trellis
Sequential Decoding
Performance Analysis
Cutoff Rate and Critical Rate
Composite Codes
Componentwise Marginalization
Berrou Codes
Turbo Decoding
Gallager Codes
Message-Passing Decoders
Trellis-Coded Modulation
Modulation Codes
Runlength-Limited Codes
Spectral-Notch Codes
Partial-Response Codes
References
Historical Notes
Problems
The Information Capacity of a Lightwave Channel
Entropy, Mutual Information, and Channel Capacity
Types of Information Channels
Entropy
Mutual Information
Fano Inequality
Channel Capacity
Signal and Channel Models
Photon-Optics Capacity
The Discrete Memoryless Photon-Optics Channel
The Continuous Photon-Optics Channel
The Ideal Photon-Optics Channel
The Additive-Noise-Limited Photon-Optics Channel
Wave-Optics Capacity
Capacities and Priors for Waves and Photons
Soft-Decision Capacity and Hard-Decision Capacity Using Wave Optics
Intensity Modulation
Phase Modulation
Capacity of a Product Channel
Capacity of a Gaussian MIMO Channel
Capacity of a Random MIMO Channel
Capacity of a Bandlimited Wave-Optics Channel
Capacity of a Bandlimited Photon-Optics Channel
Spectral Rate Efficiency
Wave-Optics Spectral Rate Efficiency
Photon-Optics Spectral Rate Efficiency
Spectral Rate Efficiency for Constrained Modulation Formats
Nonlinear Lightwave Channels
The Full Kerr Lightwave Channel
The Memoryless Kerr Information Channel
Dispersionless Channel
Kerr Wavelength-Multiplex Information Channel
Kerr Wavelength MIMO Channel
The Capacity Using the Envelope Method
References
Historical Notes
Problems
The Quantum-Optics Model
An Operational View of Quantum Optics
Lightwave Signal States
Modulation
Measurements
State Detection
Gaussian Signal States
A Formal View of Quantum Optics
Signal States
Operators
Time Dependence
Quantum Wave Functions
Measurements
Coherent States
Operators for Coherent States
Canonical Commutation Relationship
Position–Momentum Representation
Minimum-Uncertainty Coherent States
The Coherent-State Operator
Representation of a Coherent State
The Pairwise Nonorthogonality of Coherent States
Antipodal Coherent States
Statistical Quantum Optics
Derivation of the Density Matrix
Representation of a Density Matrix
Decoherence
Quantum Entropy
Measurements on Density Matrices
Classical Methods for Quantum-Lightwave Signals
Lightwave Couplers for Coherent States
Homodyne Demodulation to Real Baseband
Joint Demodulation
Quantum-Lightwave Signal Distributions
The P Quasi-probability Distribution
The Wigner Quasi-probability Distribution
The Husimi Quasi-probability Distribution
Representations of Classical Signals
Gaussian Signal States
References
Historical Notes
Problems
The Quantum-Lightwave Channel
Methods of Quantum-Optics State Detection
Classical Channels and Detection
Quantum-Lightwave Channels and State Detection
Detection Operators
Detection for Pure Symbol States
State Detection for Binary Modulation Formats
Detection for Binary Mixed-Signal-State Modulation
Detection for Binary Pure-State Modulation
Detection for Antipodal Coherent-State Modulation
Detection for On–Off-Keyed Coherent-State Modulation
Other Methods of State Detection
Binary State Detection in Additive Noise
State Detection for Multilevel Modulation Formats
Square-Root Detection Basis
Quantum-Lightwave Information Channels
Signal-Dependent Information Channels
Component-Symbol State Preparation and Detection
Block-Symbol-State Preparation and Detection
Classical Channel Capacity of a Quantum-Lightwave Channel
An Ideal Classical Channel
Holevo Information
A Noiseless Product-State Channel
A Noisy Product-State Channel
The General Quantum-Lightwave Channel
The Ideal Quantum-Lightwave Channel
Capacity for Conventional Binary Modulation Formats
Capacity using Component-Symbol-State Detection
Capacity Using Block-Symbol-State Detection
The Gaussian Quantum-Lightwave Information Channel
Gaussian Channels
Phase-Insensitive Gaussian Channels
Capacity for a Phase-Insensitive Gaussian Channel
References
Historical Notes
Problems
Bibliography
Index