Odum, H.T., Odum E.C. Modeling for All Scales: An Introduction to System Simulation

Boston: Elsevier, 2000. — 479 p. — ISBN: 0-12-524170-4.All manner of models are used to describe, simulate, extrapolate, and ultimately understand the function of dynamic systems. These sorts of models are usually based upon a mathematical foundation that can be difficult to manipulate especially for students. Modeling for All Scales uses object-oriented programming to erect and evaluate the efficacy of models of small, intermediate and large scale systems. Such models allow users to employ intuitively based symbols and a systems ecology approach. The authors have been leaders in the systems ecology community and have originated much of the scientific vocabulary of the field. After introducing modeling and its benefits, there is a series of chapters detailing the more particular elements of successful simulation. There follows another series of chapters, each devoted to models of different sorts of systems. Small scale models of growth, competition, and evolution give way, successively, to larger and larger scale models such as international trade and the global geobiosphere. Anyone interested in an easy to use approach to modeling complex systems authored by perhaps the most original systems ecologists of the century will want this book. To further enhance the users ability to apply the lessons of this book, there is included a CD-ROM disc which provides the fundamental tools for modeling at all scales.Modelling
Modelling and Simulation
A Simple System of Storage and the Model TANK
Parts and Wholes
Representing Scale and Energy Hierarchy
Summary of Procedure for Making a Concise Model
Energy Systems Diagramming
Translating Words into Symbols
Pathways, Force, and Flow
The Circulation of Material
The Circulation of Money
Precise Symbols
Group Symbols
The Maximum Power Principle
Numbers on Networks
Diagrams with Numbers of One Kind
Diagrams with Energy Values
Diagrams with Numbers of More Than One Kind
Numbers for Flows between Two Storages
Simulation
Simulation with Picture Blocks for EXTEND
EXTEND
Simulating Preassembled Minimodels
Create and Simulate a Picture Model
BioQUEST Models
Specialized Icon Blocks for EXTEND
Simulation with General Systems Blocks for EXTEND
Energy Systems Symbols Preprogrammed as Icon Blocks for EXTEND
EXTEND Models Using General Systems Blocks
Entering Numbers in Dialog Boxes of GENSYS Blocks
Entering Numbers for the Start of Simulation
Graphs from Simulating PC&CYCLE with EXTEND
Simulating the Earth System Model with Energy System Blocks
Building New Models
Equations from Diagrams
Equations for a Single Storage
Equations for Step Simulation
Step Simulation and Continuous Processes
Equations from Systems Diagrams
Translating Equations into Energy Systems Diagrams
Mathematical Characteristics of Units
Mathematics and Networks
Simulating Equations with EXTEND
Calibrating Models
Procedure for Calibrating a Model
Calibrating a Model with a Spreadsheet Program
Calibrating More Complex Models
Simulating with Spreadsheet
Procedure for Simulation with a Spreadsheet
Simulating the Model FISH
Programming in Basic
Running a Simulation Model with QUICKBASIC
Simulation with Calculations by Hand
Writing a BASIC Program for the TANK Model
Iteration Time
Factors for Keeping Graphs on Scale
Program Format and Use of Remarks in Programs
Simulating Exponential Growth with Program EXPO
Simulating Dispersal from Storage with Model DRAIN
Simulating Production, Consumption, and Recycle with Model PC&CYCLE
Useful Modeling and Programming Mechanisms
Simulating with STELLA
Simulating the TANK Model Using STELLA
Simulating the EXPO Model Using STELLA
Production–Consumption–Recycle Model
Comparison of Systems Languages
Simulating Emergy and Transformity
Concepts
Procedure for Simulating Emergy and Transformity
Simulation Model EMFISH
Emergy Storage Model EMGTANK with Depreciation Outflow Only
Emergy in Inflow-Limited Autocatalytic Model RENEMGY
Simulating International Emergy Exchange
Emergy Simulation with EXTEND
Fundamental Minimodels
Models of Production and Recycle
Model of Net Production
External Limiting Factors
Internal Limiting Factors
Model of Production and Consumption
Model of Production and Oxygen in Aquatic Ecosystems
Model of Logistic Autocatalytic Production and Recycle
Models of Growth
Model of Autocatalytic Growth on a Renewable Source
Slowly Renewable Growth
Growth on a Nonrenewable Source
Growth on Two Sources: Renewable and Nonrenewable
Model of Logistic Growth
Models of Competition and Cooperation
Model of Competition for a Limited Source
Model of Two Populations in Exponential Growth
Model of Two Populations in Competitive Interactive Growth
Model of Two Populations That Cooperate
Models of Series and Oscillation
Model of Prey–Predator Oscillation
Model of Oscillation at Three Levels
Model of Switching Oscillation
Model of Pulse and Recycle
Model of Energy Applied to Recycle
Model of the Chaos of One Oscillating Pair Driving Another
Minimodels of Succession and Evolution
Model of Wet Grassland
Model of Succession
Model of Excess Resource and Diversity
Model of Species and Support Area
Model of Island Speciation and Diversity
Models of Microeconomics
Model of Sales with Price Inverse to Supply
Model of Economic Use of Mined Resources
Model of Loans, Interest, and Banking
Model of Production, Consumption, and Circulating Money
Model of Economic Use of Renewable Resources
Model of the Economic Role of Biodiversity Reserve Areas
Models of Macroeconomic Overview
Model of Money-Driven Growth
Model of Price in Relation to Unsustainable Growth
Model of Textbook Macroeconomics
Model of an Economy in Relation to Land Use
Models of International Relations and Trade
Model of Trade and Empower
Effects of a Global Economy on a Nation
Model of Defense and War
Model of Globally Shared Information
Models of the Global Geobiosphere
Model of World Carbon Dioxide
Model of World Population
Overview Model of Geological Processes in Earth Evolution
Model of a State Driven by a World Minimodel
[b]Applicaion
Modelling Projects and Complexity[/b]
Overview
LAGOON: An Example of an Initial Project Mode
Complexity of Models
Judging the Success of Simulation
Simulation Approaches
Spatial Models
Variation and Statistical Models
Approaching Models through Mathematics
Methods for Larger Simulation Programs
Discrete Processes and Models
Parallel Processing
Frontiers and Perspectives
Appendix A. Programming Energy Systems Blocks for Simulating with EXTEND
Programming Screens
Arrays Sharing Information among Blocks
Steps for Programming the Script
Converting Macintosh Blocks for Windows PCs
Appendix B. Notes on Computer Use and Basic Programming
QUICKBASIC for PCs and Windows PCs
PC BASICA
Macintosh QUICKBASIC
Macintosh CHIPMUNK BASIC
Helpful Hints for BASIC Programming
Use of Sine Waves for Varying Inputs
Use of an Array to Enter a Series of Inputs
Appendix C. Answers to ‘‘What If’’ Experimental Problems
Appendix D. Use of Energy Systems Symbols
Appendix E. Contents of the CD Supplied with This Book
References and Suggested Reading