Gunnerson Dolores A. The Jicarilla Apaches: A Study in Survival

Northern Illinois University Press, 1974. — 326 p.Focusing on the ultimate fate of the Cuartelejo and/or Paloma Apaches known in archaeological terms as the Dismal River people of the Central Plains, this book is divided into 2 parts. The early Apache (1525-1700) and the Jicarilla Apache (1700-1800) tribes are studied in terms of their persistent cultural survival, social/political adaptability, and relationships with the Pueblo Indians, the Spanish, and other American Indian tribes. Documentation details the Cuartelejo/Paloma association and alliance with the Carlana Apaches of southeastern Colorado (all 3 tribes of which were intimates of the Jicarillas proper of northeastern New Mexico); their gradual movement southward; their appearance in Texas and Coahuila where they were called Lipiyanes and Llaneros and finally just Llaneros; and their ultimate return to New Mexico where in 1798 and 1801 they explicitly claimed to be part of the Jicarillas and remained the Llanero Band of the present Jicarilla tribe.