Kapilevich B.Y., Harmer S.W., Bowring N.J. Non-Imaging Microwave and Millimetre-Wave Sensors for Concealed Object Detection

CRC Press, 2015. — 228 p.In response to the ever-increasing global threat of terrorist attacks, the personal screening industry has been growing at a rapid rate. Many methods have been developed for detecting concealed weapons and explosives on the human body. In this important new book, the authors discuss their experiences over the last decade designing and testing microwave and millimetre wave detection and screening systems. It includes examples of actual devices that they have built and tested, along with test results that were obtained in realistic scenarios.
The book focuses on the development of non-imaging detection systems, which are similar to radar. These systems do not form a conventional image of the scene and the person(s) being screened. Instead, the sensors detect and analyze the effect that the body, and any concealed objects, has on a transmitted waveform. These systems allow remote detection of both metallic and dielectric devices concealed on the human body in both indoor and outdoor environments.
The book discusses a number of sensor types, including active millimetre wave sensors using the direct detection and the heterodyne approach, active microwave sensors for CNR-based object detection, passive millimetre wave sensors, and the role of shielding effects in operating non-imaging MM-wave sensors.
The goal of this book is to systemize the test results obtained by the authors, helping specialists to develop improved screening systems in the future. Another goal is to show how the use of non-imaging systems can reduce the cost of the screening process.Acknowledgements.
About the Authors.Background and Theory.
RCS Concept and Basic Definitions.
Active versus Passive Modes of Operation Sensors.
Millimetre-Wave Emission from a Planar Surface.

References.
Active Millimetre-Wave.
Sensor Using Direct Detection Approach.
Direct Detection Radar Principles and Theory.
Polarimetric Signatures.
MiRTLE Introduction.
MiRTLE Sensor Design.
Radar Signal Classification Techniques and Results.
Handheld Version of Sensor.
Conclusion.FMCW Sensors for Detecting Hidden Objects.
Linear FMCW Theory.
Basic Hardware Configurations.
W-Band Millimetre-Wave Sensors.
Submillimetre-Wave Sensor at 330 GHz.

References.
Active Microwave Sensors for Complex Natural Resonance-Based Object Detection.
Introduction and Theory.
Simulations with Electromagnetic Solver Software.
Experimental Configuration, Signal Processing and Results.

References.
Passive Millimetre-Wave.
Sensors.
General Considerations.
Superheterodyne Receivers of Passive Sensors.
Direct Detection Receivers as Passive Sensors.
Sensors Based on Correlation Receivers.
Sensors Based on Interference Effects.
Modelling Results.

References.
The Role of Shielding Effects in Operating Non-Imaging Sensors.
Basic Shielding Mechanisms.
Theoretical Models and Estimation Method.
Well/Ill-Conditioning Analysis.
Experimental Setup and Results of Measurements: Coherent Illumination.
Sensitivity and Error Analysis.
Characterization of Materials: Incoherent Illumination.
Introductory Notes.
Modelling Interference in the Presence of Noise.
Experimental Verification of the Noise Averaging Effect.

References.