House J.E., House K.A. Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry

Second edition. — Amsterdam, Elsevier Inc, 2010. — 585 pp.Where It All Comes From
The Structure of the Earth
Composition of the Earths Crust
Rocks and Minerals
Weathering
Obtaining Metals
Some Metals Today
Nonmetallic Inorganic Minerals
References for Further Reading
Problems
Atomic and Molecular Structure
Atomic Structure
Quantum Numbers
Hydrogen-Like Orbitals
Properties of Atoms
Electron Configurations
Ionization Energy
Electron Affinity
Electronegativity
Molecular Structure
Molecular Orbitals
Orbital Overlap
Polar Molecules
Geometry of Molecules Having Single Bonds
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR)
Symmetry
Resonance
References for Further Reading
Problems
Ionic Bonding, Crystals, and Intermolecular Forces
Ionic Bonds
Energetics of the Ionic Bond
Radius Ratio Effects
Crystal Structures
Intermolecular Interactions
Dipole-Dipole Forces
Dipole-Induced Dipole Forces
London Dispersion Forces
Hydrogen Bonding
Solubility Parameters
References for Further Reading
Problems
Reactions and Energy Relationships
Thermodynamic Considerations
The Boltzmann Distribution Law
Reactions and ΔG
Relationship between ΔG and T
Bond Enthalpies
Combination Reactions
Decomposition Reactions
Redox Reactions
Hydrolysis Reactions
Replacement Reactions
Metathesis
Neutralization Reactions
References for Further Reading
Problems
Acids, Bases, and Nonaqueous Solvents
Acid-Base Chemistry
Factors Affecting Acid Strength
Factors Affecting Base Strength
Molten Salt Protonic Acids
Lewis Theory
Hard-Soft Acid-Base Principle (HSAB)
Applications of the Hard-Soft Interaction Principle (HSIP)
Nonaqueous Solvents
The Solvent Concept
The Coordination Model
Liquid Ammonia
Reactions in Liquid Ammonia
Liquid Hydrogen Fluoride
Liquid Sulfur Dioxide
Superacids
References for Further Reading
Problems
Hydrogen
Elemental and Positive Hydrogen
Occurrence and Properties
Hydrides
Ionic Hydrides
Interstitial Hydrides
Covalent Hydrides
References for Further Reading
Problems
The Group IA and IIA Metals
General Characteristics
Oxides and Hydroxides
Halides
Sulfides
Nitrides and Phosphides
Carbides, Cyanides, Cyanamides, and Amides
Carbonates, Nitrates, Sulfates, and Phosphates
Organic Derivatives
References for Further Reading
Problems
Boron
Elemental Boron
Bonding in Boron Compounds
Boron Compounds
Borides
Boron Halides
Boron Hydrides
Boron Nitrides
Polyhedral Boranes
References for Further Reading
Problems
Aluminum, Gallium, Indium, and Thallium
The Elements
Oxides
Hydrides
Halides
Other Compounds
Organometallic Compounds
References for Further Reading
Problems
Carbon
The Element
Industrial Uses of Carbon
Advanced Composites
Manufactured Carbon
Chemical Uses of Carbon
Carbon Compounds
Ionic Carbides
Covalent Carbides
Interstitial Carbides
Oxides of Carbon
Carbon Halides
Carbon Nitrides
Carbon Sulfides
Fullerenes
References for Further Reading
Problems
Silicon, Germanium, Tin, and Lead
The Elements
Hydrides of the Group IVA Elements
Oxides of the Group IVA Elements
The 2+ Oxides
The 4+ Oxides
Glass
Silicates
Zeolites
Halides of the Group IVA Elements
The 2+ Halides
The 4+ Halides
Organic Compounds
Miscellaneous Compounds
References for Further Reading
Problems
Chapter 12: Nitrogen
Elemental Nitrogen
Nitrides
Ammonia and Aquo Compounds
Hydrogen Compounds
Ammonia
Hydrazine
Diimine, N2H2
Hydrogen Azide, HN3
Nitrogen Halides
NX3 Compounds
Difluorodiazine
Oxyhalides
Nitrogen Oxides
Nitrous Oxide, N2O
Nitric Oxide, NO
Dinitrogen Trioxide, N2O3
Nitrogen Dioxide, NO2 and N2O4
Dinitrogen Pentoxide, N2O5
Oxyacids
Hyponitrous Acid
Nitrous Acid
Nitric Acid
References for Further Reading
Problems
Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth
Occurrence
Preparation and Properties of the Elements
Hydrides
Oxides
The 3+ Oxides
The 5+ Oxides
Sulfides
Halides
Halides of the Type E2X4
Trihalides
Pentahalides and Oxyhalides
Phosphonitrilic Compounds
Acids and Their Salts
Phosphorous Acid and Phosphites
Phosphoric Acids and Phosphates
Fertilizer Production
References for Further Reading
Problems
Oxygen
Elemental Oxygen, O2
Ozone, O3
Preparation of Oxygen
Binary Compounds of Oxygen
Ionic Oxides
Covalent Oxides
Amphoteric Oxides
Peroxides and Superoxides
Positive Oxygen
References for Further Reading
Problems
Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium
Occurrence of Sulfur
Occurrence of Selenium and Tellurium
Elemental Sulfur
Elemental Selenium and Tellurium
Reactions of Elemental Selenium and Tellurium
Hydrogen Compounds
Oxides of Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium
Dioxides
Trioxides
Halogen Compounds
Nitrogen Compounds
Oxyhalides of Sulfur and Selenium
Oxidation State 4+
Oxidation State 6+
Oxyacids of Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium
Sulfurous Acid and Sulfites
Dithionous Acid and Dithionites
Dithionic Acid and Dithionates
Peroxydisulfuric Acid and Peroxydisulfates
Oxyacids of Selenium and Tellurium
Sulfuric Acid
Preparation of Sulfuric Acid
Physical Properties of Sulfuric Acid
Chemical Properties of Sulfuric Acid
Uses of Sulfuric Acid
References for Further Reading
Problems
Halogens
Occurrence
The Elements
Interhalogens
Structures
Chemical Properties
Polyatomic Cations and Anions
Polyatomic Halogen Cations
Interhalogen Cations
Polyatomic Halogen Anions
Hydrogen Halides
Physical Properties
Preparation
Oxides
Oxygen Fluorides
Chlorine Oxides
Bromine Oxides
Iodine Oxides
Oxyfluorides of the Heavier Halogens
Oxyacids and Oxyanions
Hypohalous Acids and Hypohalites
Halous Acids and Halites
Halic Acids and Halates
Perhalic Acids and Perhalates
References for Further Reading
Problems
The Noble Gases
The Elements
The Xenon Fluorides
Reactions of Xenon Fluorides
Oxyfluorides and Oxides
References for Further Reading
Problems
The Transition Metals
The Metals
Structures of Metals
Alloys
Oxides
Halides and Oxyhalides
Miscellaneous Compounds
The Lanthanides
References for Further Reading
Problems
Structure and Bonding in Coordination Compounds
Types of Ligands and Complexes
Naming Coordination Compounds
Isomerism
Geometrical Isomerism
Optical Isomerism
Linkage Isomerism
Ionization Isomerism
Coordination Isomerism
Polymerization Isomerism
Hydrate Isomerism
Factors Affecting the Stability of Complexes
The Nature of the Acid-Base Interaction
The Chelate Effect
Ring Size and Structure
A Valence Bond Approach to Bonding in Complexes
Back Donation
Ligand Field Theory
Octahedral Fields
Tetrahedral, Tetragonal, and Square Planar Fields
Factors Affecting Δ
Ligand Field Stabilization Energy
Jahn-Teller Distortion
References for Further Reading
Problems
Synthesis and Reactions of Coordination Compounds
Synthesis of Coordination Compounds
Reaction of a Metal Salt with a Ligand
Ligand Replacement Reactions
Reaction of Two Metal Compounds
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Partial Decomposition
Size and Solubility Relationships
Reactions of Metal Salts with Amine Salts
A Survey of Reaction Types
Ligand Substitution
Oxidative Addition (Oxad) Reactions
Insertion Reactions
Group Transfer Reactions
Electron Transfer Reactions
A Closer Look at Substitution Reactions
Substitution in Square Planar Complexes
Mechanisms
The Trans Effect
Causes of the Trans Effect
Substitution in Octahedral Complexes
Classification Based on Rates
The Effect of LFSE on Rate of Substitution
The SN1CB Mechanism
References for Further Reading
Problems
Organometallic Compounds
Structure and Bonding in Metal Alkyls
Preparation of Organometallic Compounds
Reactions of Metal Alkyls
Cyclopentadienyl Complexes (Metallocenes)
Metal Carbonyl Complexes
Binary Metal Carbonyls
Structures of Metal Carbonyls
Preparation of Metal Carbonyls
Reactions of Metal Carbonyls
Metal Olefin Complexes
Structure and Bonding
Preparation of Metal Olefin Complexes
Complexes of Benzene and Related Aromatics
References for Further Reading
Problems
Appendix A: Ground State Electron Configurations of Atoms
Appendix B: Ionization Energies