Islam M.N. (Ed.) Raman Amplifiers for Telecommunications 1: Physical Principles

Springer, 2004. — 325 p. — (Springer Series in Optical Sciences. Volume 90/1). — ISBN: 0387007512.Technologies for fiber-optic telecommunications went through a major growth period—some might even say a revolution—roughly during the years 1994 to 2000. This growth came about due to the convergence of several market drivers and technologies. First were data traffic and the Internet, the key drivers of the demand for bandwidth. Prior to the explosion of data traffic and the Internet, voice traffic only grew at an average of 4% a year. The Internet, on the other hand, grew 100% a year or more starting in 1992 and sustained this phenomenal growth rate at least through about 2001. The second was the advent of the optical amplifier, which served the role in optical networks that the transistor had played in the electronics revolution. The optical amplifier was key because it allowed the simultaneous amplification of a number of channels, as opposed to electronic regenerators that operated channel by channel. The third technology was wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM), which made a single strand of fiber act as many virtual fibers. WDM has allowed the capacity of fibers to be increased by more than two orders of magnitude over the past few years, providing plenty of bandwidth to fuel the growth of data traffic and the Internet. WDM served the role in optical networks that integrated circuits had played in the electronics revolution. Just as the transistor permitted the revolution associated with integrated circuits in electronics, the optical amplifier permitted the revolution associated with WDM in optical networks. Because a number of channels could be simultaneously amplified, the cost of deploying more wavelengths inWDM was gated by the terminal end costs rather than the regenerator costs. Hence far more cost-effective networks became available with the combination of optical amplifiers and WDM.Overview of Raman Amplification in Telecommunications
Raman Physics
Fundamentals of Raman Amplification in Fibers
Time-Division-Multiplexing of Pump Wavelengths
Linear Noise Characteristics
Diodes and WDM Pumping
Dispersion-Compensating Fibers for Raman Applications
New Raman Fibers
Noise due to Fast-Gain Dynamics C.R.S.
Forward, Bidirectional, and Higher-Order Raman Amplification
Subsystems and Modules
S-Band Raman Amplifiers
Raman Fiber Lasers
Distributed Raman Transmission: Applications and Fiber Issues
Hybrid EDFA/Raman Amplifiers
Wideband Raman Amplifiers
Systems Design and Experiments
Multiple Path Interference and Its Impact on System Design
Raman Impairments in WDM Systems
Ultra-Long-Haul Submarine and Terrestrial Applications
Ultra-Long-Haul, Dense WDM Using Dispersion-Managed Solitons in an All-Raman System
40 Gb/s Raman-Amplified Transmission