Maloberti Franco. Analog Design for CMOS VLSI Systems

Kluwer, 2003. — 374 p.The book is primarily intended for use as a graduate-level textbook and for practising engineers. It is expected that the reader should be familiar with the concepts taught in basic introductory courses in analog circuits. Relying on that proper background knowledge the book presents the material on an intuitive basis with a minimum use of mathematical quantitative analysis.The MOS Transistor provides those physical, techno-logical anddevice modelling issues necessary toproperly comprehend the behaviour of MOStransistors and their modelling. Chapter 1 starts with a resume of the basic principles of solid state physics anddiscusses the proper-ties of the basic materials used in microelectronics. This enables the model-ling of MOS transistors, both at a simple level, and at a more complex level for computer simulation. Finally, the chapter studies noise performances and discusseslayout techniques.Resistors, Capacitors, Switches examines the basic properties of integrated resistors, capacitors and analog switches. The features of integrated components are quite different from the ones of discreteelements. Therefore, it is essential that the reader knows limits and performances well.Basic Building Blocks studies simple gain stages, differential pairs, differential to single ended convertors, output stages, etc. The approach conforms the hierarchical view of the teaching pattern: the readermust become familiar with and under-stand the features and performances ofsimple cells before studying more complex cells. The basic building blocks studied in Chapter 3 and other analog functions require, as essential elements for their operation, current generators and voltage biases.Current and Voltage Sources covers the basic architecture of current and voltage sources. This enables the reader to know how to design these “auxiliary”
blocks appropriately, to recognize their functional limits, and to estimate costs and benefits for the best design decision.CMOS Operational Amplifiers deals with operation amplifiers (usually referred to as op-amps). The function and operation of op-amps should be well known to the reader. For this reason, the chapter deals with those circuit implementations that are specifically used in CMOS integrated VLSI systems. Namely, the chapter studies a special category of op-amp: the operational transconductance ampli-fiers (OTAs). An OTA achieves a large gain exploiting its large output resist-ance. The reader will learn that when used inside an integrated architecture an op-amp drives capacitive loads. This makes the request of having a low output impedance of little importance.CCMOS Comparators studies CMOS comparators. A comparator is togetherwith the op-amp the basic block used in analog signal processors. Ideally, itgenerates an output logic signal as response to an analog input. Since a real circuit does not achieve the ideal function it is essential to know how the limitations affect the performance ofsystems where comparators areused.