Folkson R. (Ed.) Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Technologies for Improved Environmental Performance: Towards Zero Carbon Transportation

Woodhead Publishing, Elsevier, 2014. XXIV, 760 p. — ISBN: 978-0-85709-522-0 (print), ISBN: 978-0-85709-742-2 (online) — (Woodhead publishing Series in energy: Number 57).DJVUMost vehicles run on fossil fuels, and this presents a major emissions problem as demand for fuel continues to increase. Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Technologies gives an overview of key developments in advanced fuels and vehicle technologies to improve the energy efficiency and environmental impact of the automotive sector.Part I considers the role of alternative fuels such as electricity, alcohol, and hydrogen fuel cells, as well as advanced additives and oils, in environmentally sustainable transport. Part II explores methods of revising engine and vehicle design to improve environmental performance and fuel economy. It contains chapters on improvements in design, aerodynamics, combustion, and transmission. Finally, Part III outlines developments in electric and hybrid vehicle technologies, and provides an overview of the benefits and limitations of these vehicles in terms of their environmental impact, safety, cost, and design practicalities.Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Technologies is a standard reference for professionals, engineers, and researchers in the automotive sector, as well as vehicle manufacturers, fuel system developers, and academics with an interest in this field.Provides a broad-ranging review of recent research into advanced fuels and vehicle technologies that will be instrumental in improving the energy efficiency and environmental impact of the automotive sector
Reviews the development of alternative fuels, more efficient engines, and powertrain technologies, as well as hybrid and electric vehicle technologies.Contributor contact details
Woodhead Publishing Series in EnergyR. Fo l k s o n, University of Hertfordshire, UKTechnology roadmaps to deliver low carbon targets
Vehicle technology contributions to low carbon targets
Powertrain technology contributions to low carbon targets
Regulatory requirements and consumer trends
Traffic management factors
Global manufacturing and consumer trends
Commercial vehicles and buses
Electrification of transport technology
Current and future trends
Affordability and consumer appeal
Long-term vision: solar energy/hydrogen economySources of further information and advice
Acknowledgements
References and further readingAlternative fuels, advanced additives and oils to improve environmental performance of vehiclesThe role of alternative and renewable liquid fuels in environmentally sustainable transport
R. J. Pe a r s o n and J. W. G. Tu r n e r, University of Bath, UK
Introduction: competing fuels and energy carriers
Market penetration of biodiesel
Market penetration of alcohol fuels
Future provision of alternative liquid fuels: the biomass limit
Beyond the biomass limit: sustainable organic fuel for transport (SOFT)
Renewable fuels within an integrated renewable energy system
Conclusions
AcknowledgementsAppendix: abbreviationsUsing alternative and renewable liquid fuels to improve the environmental performance of internal combustion engines: key challenges and blending technologies
R. J. Pe a r s o n, and J. W. G. Tu r n e r, University of Bath, UKThe use of biodiesel in internal combustion engines: fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO)
Alcohol fuels: physico-chemical properties
Alcohol fuels for spark-ignition engines: effects on performance and efficiency
Alcohol fuels for spark-ignition engines: pollutant emissions, deposits and lubricant dilution
Alcohol fuels for compression-ignition engines
Vehicle and blending technologies for alternative liquid fuels: flexible-fuel vehicles
Vehicle and blending technologies for alternative liquid fuels: ethanol-gasoline and methanol-gasoline bi-fuel vehicles
Vehicle and blending technologies for alternative liquid fuels: tri-flex-fuel vehicles and iso-stoichiometric ternary blends
Conclusions
AcknowledgementsAppendix: abbreviationsAlternative and renewable gaseous fuels to improve vehicle environmental performance
M. Mi nTz, J. Ha n and A. Bu r nHaM, Argonne National Laboratory, USAFossil natural gas
Fossil natural gas production, transmission and distributio
Natural gas engines and vehicles
Biomethane/biogas
Biogas production, distribution and storage
Liquid petroleum gas (LPG)
LPG production, distribution, storage and use in vehicles
Hydrogen
Hydrogen production, distribution, storage and use in vehicles
Life-cycle analysis of alternative gaseous fuels
Future trendsElectricity and hydrogen as energy vectors for transportation vehicles
J. W. sHeF Fi e l d and K. B. Ma rTi n, formerly of Missouri University of Science and Technology, USA and R. Fo l k s o n, University of Hertfordshire, UKOverview of hydrogen production
Overview of electricity production
Hydrogen storage and transportation
Conclusions
References and further readingAdvanced engine oils to improve the performance of modern internal combustion engines
K. Ho w a r d, Lubrizol Ltd, UKThe role of the lubricant in a modern internal combustion engine
The composition of a typical modern engine lubricant
Diesel engine lubricant challenges
Gasoline engine lubricant challenges
Industry and original equipment manufacturer (OEM) specifications for engine oils
Lubricating modern engines in developing markets
Future engine oil evolution
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Sources of further information and adviceAdvanced fuel additives for modern internal combustion engines
J. Be n n eT T, Afton Chemical Limited, UKAdditive types and their impact on conventional and advanced fuels
Impacts of additives on combustion characteristics
Diesel performance and deposit control additives
Gasoline performance and deposit control additives
Conclusions and future trends
Sources of further information and adviceImproving engine and vehicle designInternal combustion engine cycles and concepts
J. D. naBe r and J. E. JoHn s o n, Michigan Technological University, USAdeal engine operation cycles
Alternative engine operating cycles
Comparison of engine cycle performance
Advantages and limitations of internal combustion engines
Conclusions and future trends
Sources of further information and adviceImproving the environmental performance of heavy-duty vehicles and engines: key issues and system design approaches
Q. Xin and C. F. Pi n z o n, Navistar, Inc., USA
Introduction: classifying engine and vehicle types
The use of alternative fuels to improve environmental performance
Electric, hydraulic, and flywheel hybrid powertrains for improved fuel economy
Vehicle emissions and fuel economy regulations
Improving vehicle design to meet environmental regulations
Improving engine design to meet environmental regulations
Developments in light-duty diesel engine technologies
A system design approach to address challenges in advanced engine and vehicle technologies
Summary of next-generation technologies for heavy-duty vehiclesAppendix: units and unit conversionImproving the environmental performance of heavy-duty vehicles and engines: particular technologies
Q. Xin and C. F. Pi n z o n, Navistar Inc., USAFuel injection systems and engine performance
Conventional combustion technologies and engine performance
Advanced low-temperature combustion systems
Engine air flow and turbocharging systems
Engine downsizing, down-speeding, and down-breathing
Mechanical and electrical supercharging systems for improved emissions control and performance
Turbocompounding to improve engine performance
Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) systems
Improving conventional valvetrains and the use of variable valve actuation (VVA)
Heavy-duty diesel engine cooling and thermal management systems
Aftertreatment technologies for emissions control
Waste heat recovery (WHR) systems
Engine mechanical friction reduction technologies
Electronic controls and on-board diagnostic (OBD) systems to optimize engine performance
Development of natural gas engines
Future trendsAppendix: units and unit conversionAdvanced and conventional internal combustion engine materials
L. L. My a g k o v, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Russia, K. MaHk aMo v, Northumbria University, UK, N. D.
CHa i n o v, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Russia and I. Ma kHk aMo v a, Northumbria University, UKAdvanced internal combustion (IC) engine materials: compact graphite iron (CGI)
Graphite/carbon and carbon/carbon fibre-reinforced polymer composites (CFRPs)
Advanced polymers: polyamides for manufacturing intake manifolds
Advanced alloys and ceramics for manufacturing valves and other components
Materials for particular components in IC enginesAdvanced transmission technologies to improve vehicle performance
S. N. Do ğ a n, G. He n n i n g, T. gö d eCk e, M. soM Me r, K. Fr o n i u s, M. kr oHn, J. ki e s e l and J. do rFsC H Mi d, Daimler AG, GermanyManual transmission: six-speed front-wheel-drive SG6-310
Dual-clutch transmission: seven-speed front-wheel-drive 7G-DCT
Automatic transmission: seven-speed 7G-Tronic Plus
Continuously variable transmission: front-wheel-drive CVT AUTOTRONIC
P2 hybrid transmission
Two-mode hybrid transmission advanced hybrid system-cars (AHS-C)
Automated commercial vehicle transmission: sixteen-speed G260-16Sustainable design and manufacture of lightweight vehicle structures
G. S. da eHn, The Ohio State University, USAThe value of mass reduction
General challenges and opportunities
Possible architectures of the next-generation vehicle
Specific lightweighting technologies
Future trends
AcknowledgementsImproving vehicle rolling resistance and aerodynamics
M. JuHa l a, Aalto University, FinlandOverview of vehicle aerodynamics
Rolling resistance in vehicles
Advanced vehicle design for drag reduction
Advanced tire design and materials
Conclusions and future trends
Sources of further information and adviceMechanical and electrical flywheel hybrid technology to store energy in vehicles
K. R. Pu l l e n and A. dHa n d, City University London, UKThe development of flywheel technology
Types and properties of flywheels
Transmissions for flywheels
Performance evaluation of flywheel hybrid vehicles
Technical challenges in flywheel development
Conclusions and future trendsHydraulic and pneumatic hybrid powertrains for improved fuel economy in vehicles
Z. FiliPi, Clemson University, USAHydraulic hybrid principle of operation and system architectures
Hydraulic component design and modeling
ntegrated hydraulic hybrid vehicle simulation
Design and control of hydraulic hybrid powertrains
Examples of practical applications
Pneumatic hybridsIntegration and performance of regenerative braking and energy recovery technologies in vehicles
P. Ta w a d r o s and N. zHa n g, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia and A. Bo r eT Ti, RMIT University, AustraliaTypes and properties of regenerative braking and energy recovery
Hybridisation with energy recovery: design and performance issues
Design integration and operational optimisation
Advantages and limitations of regenerative braking
Conclusions and future trends
Sources of further information and adviceElectric/hybrid vehicle technologiesHybrid drive train technologies for vehicles
T. HoF Ma n, Eindhoven University of Technology, The NetherlandsHybrid vehicle configurations and classification
The challenges of hybrid vehicle design
Solutions to the design problemBattery technology for CO₂ reduction
N. M. JoHn s o n, Ricardo, Inc., USACO₂ reduction opportunities of using batteries
Battery functionality and chemistries for vehicle applications
Lithium ion cells
High voltage battery pack design
Battery management systems
Future trends
Conclusions
Sources of further information and advice
References and further readingConventional fuel/hybrid electric vehicles
M. eHs a n i, Texas A&M University, USABasic components of a hybrid electric vehicle system
Architectures of hybrid electric drive trains
Series hybrid electric drive trains (electric coupling)
Parallel hybrid electric drive trains (mechanical coupling)
Series-parallel hybrid electric drive trains (electric and mechanical coupling) and plug-in hybrids
Control and performance
Future trendsPure electric vehicles
K. T. CHa u, The University of Hong Kong, People’s Republic o ChinaSystem configurations
Electric propulsion
Energy storage and management
Charging infrastructure
Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology
Benefits and limitations of EVs
Conclusions and future trends
Acknowledgements
Sources of further information and adviceFuel-cell (hydrogen) electric hybrid vehicles
B. G. Po l l eT, University of the Western Cape, South Africa, I. sTaF Fe l l, Imperial College, UK, J. L. sHa n g, University of Birmingham, UK and V. Mo l k o v, University of Ulster, UKEnergy storage devices (ESDs) for the transport sector
Batteries
Hydrogen and fuel cells
Electrochemical capacitors (ECs)
Current status of low-carbon vehicle technologies
Battery electric vehicles (BEVs)
Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs)
Technical prospects and barriers
Improving the safety of hydrogen-powered vehicles
Conclusions
AcknowledgementsAppendix: abbreviations